InInshirahislamically integrated self-help
Approachcbt
TimeAny
MomentAfter conflict
1Sourness, shutting down, snapping at everyone: these are as often worry as they are attitude. The person is not giving you a hard time, they are having one.
cbtBreaking the worry loop5 minutesQur'an 41:36

This matters because of what happens next. Read it as rudeness and the house responds with punishment, which adds to the load that produced the snapping in the first place. Read it as anxiety and you can ask what is going on underneath, later, when things are quiet. Consequences may still be needed for how someone speaks to you. They just work better when nobody has decided the person is simply difficult.

Islamic evidence

If a prompting from Satan should stir you, seek refuge with God (Quran 41:36). It is given in the middle of guidance about responding well to provocation, which is exactly where this lands.

If a prompting from Satan should stir you, seek refuge with God: He is the All Hearing and the All Knowing

Qur'an 41:36

Psychological evidence

In a cross sectional study, rumination accounted for part of the relationship between post traumatic stress symptoms and angry reactions. Going over things internally sits between distress and the temper that shows on the outside. The analysis was cross sectional, so the direction of that relationship is not established.

Christ NM, Contractor AA, Wang X, Elhai JD. (2020). Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy · doi

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Why it works. Treating anxious irritability as bad character adds pressure to what is already too much.

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2Being pushed into something before you are ready does more than frighten you. It teaches you that the pacing you were promised cannot be trusted, and that is the harder thing to repair.
cbtFacing it a step at a time5 minutesQur'an 28:31

After a step that overwhelmed them, most people go straight back to avoiding, and they also start negotiating every later step defensively, which is a reasonable response to having been misled once. If you are the one guiding, an apology and a visibly smaller next step is the repair. If you are the one who got pushed, saying plainly that it was too much is not a loss of nerve.

Islamic evidence

Draw near! Do not be afraid, for you are one of those who are safe (Quran 28:31). Moses had already fled, and what came next was a call back rather than a reproach.

Throw down your staff.’ When he saw his staff moving like a snake, he fled in fear and would not return. Again [he was called]: ‘Moses! Draw near! Do not be afraid, for you are one of those who are safe

Qur'an 28:31

Psychological evidence

One caution against overstating this. A theoretical review notes that neither how much fear drops during a session nor how anxious a person is at the end predicts the outcome, so a distressing session is not automatically a wasted one. What makes a step go wrong is escaping before anything was learned, rather than the distress itself. The evidence that a badly judged step actively sets people back is thinner than clinical confidence about it suggests.

Craske MG, Kircanski K, Zelikowsky M, Mystkowski J, Chowdhury N, Baker A. (2008). Behaviour research and therapy · doi

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Why it works. Trust in the plan is what carries someone into the next step, so it is worth more than any single rung.

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3Where a child is not attending, the adults are often already cross with each other. That argument has to be parked before any plan will hold.
cbtThe cost of avoiding20 minutesQur'an 11:112

Home thinks the school did not act. The school thinks home is not firm. Both usually have a point, and neither point can be settled quickly enough to help this child this term. Meanwhile a plan applied one way at home and another way at school teaches a young person exactly where the gap is, and they will use it, not from malice but because it is there.

Islamic evidence

So keep to the right course as you have been commanded, together with those who have turned to God with you (Quran 11:112). The word together is carrying real weight in that sentence.

So keep to the right course as you have been commanded, together with those who have turned to God with you. Do not overstep the limits, for He sees everything you do

Qur'an 11:112

Psychological evidence

In a worksite trial with 107 distressed employees, acceptance and commitment therapy and stress inoculation training both reduced distress, although they start from quite different premises. It is one trial in one setting and says nothing about who was right about anything. It does suggest that arguing over whose method is correct can matter less than settling on something and doing it consistently.

Flaxman PE, Bond FW. (2010). Behaviour research and therapy · doi

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Why it works. A plan that two sides apply differently is not one plan, and the child notices the difference before the adults do.

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4Try saying it out loud: we can leave who was at fault for another day and both work on getting her back in. Most people accept that offer if nobody has to admit anything.
cbtThe cost of avoiding20 minutesQur'an 2:197

Grievances between families and schools rarely resolve on the timeline a child needs. Naming a goal that sits above the dispute lets everyone move without conceding, and it usually changes the tone of the next meeting more than any evidence either side brought along. Write down the shared goal and the next three practical steps, then send it to both parties so it exists outside the room.

Islamic evidence

There should be no indecent speech, misbehaviour, or quarrelling for anyone undertaking the pilgrimage (Quran 2:197). Quarrelling is set down for the duration of a shared journey, which is close to what is being asked here.

The pilgrimage takes place during the prescribed months. There should be no indecent speech, misbehaviour, or quarrelling for anyone undertaking the pilgrimage- whatever good you do, God is well aware of it. Provide well for yourselves: the best provision is…

Qur'an 2:197

Psychological evidence

A questionnaire study found cognitive fusion, being so caught up in your own account that it simply looks like the facts, sitting alongside experiential avoidance between life stress and later anxiety and depression. It is cross-sectional and self-reported, so it maps associations rather than causes. It does give a fair name to what happens in these meetings, where each side is fused to its version and neither can move while that is what is in the room.

Cookson C, Luzon O, Newland J, Kingston J. (2020). Psychology and psychotherapy · doi

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Why it works. People who cannot agree about the past can usually agree about the next fortnight.

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5Anger looks at the person and edits out the room. It is the man who is rude, never the traffic, the deadline or the night he spent awake.
cbtChoosing your response5 minutesQur'an 16:125

This tilt sits in everybody, not only in you. Assuming bad intent has always been the cheaper error to make, which is why the mind reaches for it first. Knowing that helps, because a bias everyone has is something you can check for, while a personal flaw is something you defend.

Islamic evidence

Your Lord knows best who has strayed from His way and who is rightly guided (Quran 16:125). The sorting of people is placed somewhere other than with you, which leaves you free to deal with what actually happened.

[Prophet], call [people] to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good teaching. Argue with them in the most courteous way, for your Lord knows best who has strayed from His way and who is rightly guided

Qur'an 16:125

Psychological evidence

A meta-analysis of imaging studies in mood and anxiety disorders found that reappraisal engaged the same prefrontal and amygdala system as in other people, though with altered activation, suggesting the capacity is present but works less efficiently. Re-reading a situation stays available even when it is harder than usual. These were laboratory tasks, and altered activation does not tell you what will help a particular person.

Picó-Pérez M, Radua J, Steward T, Menchón JM, Soriano-Mas C. (2017). Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry · doi

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Why it works. Reactions get milder once the cause is shared out between the person and their circumstances.

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6If they made you feel this, then only they can undo it. That is the quiet trap inside taking things personally.
cbtChoosing your response5 minutesQur'an 24:22

You end up waiting on an apology that may never arrive, and while you wait you go over the scene, which keeps it warm. Taking the repair back into your own hands is not letting them off. It is deciding that your evening will not hang on whether they turn out to be sorry.

Islamic evidence

Let them pardon and forgive. Do you not wish that God should forgive you? (Quran 24:22). The reason to release it is put on your side of the account rather than on whether they have earned it.

Those who have been graced with bounty and plenty should not swear that they will [no longer] give to kinsmen, the poor, those who emigrated in God’s way: let them pardon and forgive. Do you not wish that God should forgive you? God is most forgiving and…

Qur'an 24:22

Psychological evidence

In a laboratory experiment, repeatedly rehearsing an angry episode kept cardiovascular arousal raised across trials, while a competing visual task interrupted the imagery and the physical load along with it. Waiting for an apology usually means rehearsing, and the rehearsing carries a cost. These were short laboratory trials, so anything about the long run is inference.

McClelland AB, Jones KV, Douglas Gregg ME. (2009). International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology · doi

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Why it works. Whoever you decide caused the feeling is who you will wait on to end it.

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7Most of us rehearse the crushing line we wish we had said. Try spending that same time writing what you would actually like to say next time, and keep it short enough to remember.
cbtThe moment before you snap20 minutesQur'an 41:34

Take one real episode from the past week and write two things: what happened, and one sentence you would rather have used. Something like I am getting wound up and I want to sort this out, not win it. Doing this afterwards, in the quiet, means you are never asking yourself to invent a good line while your heart is going.

Islamic evidence

Repel evil with what is better and your enemy will become as close as an old and valued friend (Quran 41:34). The better response is named as a thing you reach for, which means it is worth having ready.

Good and evil cannot be equal. [Prophet], repel evil with what is better and your enemy will become as close as an old and valued friend

Qur'an 41:34

Psychological evidence

In laboratory experiments, recalling an anger provoking event was not the problem in itself: dwelling on it prolonged anger and raised blood pressure, while reinterpreting the same event reduced both. In a separate randomised experiment, forming a specific if then plan in advance reduced how much tempting food people served themselves, which shows a decision made beforehand can carry into the moment. Both are small controlled studies rather than trials of this exact exercise.

Ray RD, Wilhelm FH, Gross JJ. (2008). Journal of personality and social psychology · doi

van Koningsbruggen GM, Veling H, Stroebe W, Aarts H. (2014). British journal of health psychology · doi

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Why it works. Whatever you rehearse gets easier to reach for, so it is worth rehearsing the thing you actually want.

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8A cut heals and you stop thinking about it. An insult has no moment where the body tells you it is over, so it stays available to be replayed for years.
cbtPractising under provocation5 minutesQur'an 42:43

That is worth knowing, because it explains why a remark from a decade ago can still tighten your chest, and why you are not weak for that. The replaying is the part you can work on. Many people find that giving the mind a job that needs the eyes, like walking somewhere unfamiliar or sorting something with your hands, interrupts the loop better than ordering yourself to stop.

Islamic evidence

If a person is patient and forgives, this is one of the greatest things (Quran 42:43). Forgiving is called great partly because nothing else closes the account.

though if a person is patient and forgives, this is one of the greatest things

Qur'an 42:43

Psychological evidence

In a laboratory study, going over an anger provoking memory repeatedly produced cardiovascular arousal that built up across the repetitions, and holding a demanding visual task during the episode reduced that build up. So the replay carries a bodily cost, and occupying the mind can blunt it. This was short term arousal measured in a lab, not a finding about long term health.

McClelland AB, Jones KV, Douglas Gregg ME. (2009). International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology · doi

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Why it works. Nothing signals the end of a wound to your pride, so the mind keeps reopening it unless you give it somewhere else to be.

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9When you catch yourself dodging, just note it. Telling yourself off adds shame to a moment that already had plenty going on.
cbtPractising under provocation60 secondsQur'an 16:127

There is a difference between seeing what you did and grading it. Seeing keeps it available as a choice next time, while grading makes you want to stop looking altogether. The same holds if you are helping someone else practise: name what you saw plainly, let them decide what to do with it, and you keep them with you.

Islamic evidence

Be steadfast: your steadfastness comes only from God. Do not grieve over them (Quran 16:127). Steadfastness is described as given rather than manufactured, which takes some sting out of a practice that went badly.

So [Prophet] be steadfast: your steadfastness comes only from God. Do not grieve over them; do not be distressed by their scheming

Qur'an 16:127

Psychological evidence

In a randomised trial, adding motivational strategies to a programme for men who had been violent towards partners improved the empathy those programmes set out to build. It supports working with people rather than at them, in a setting where confrontation is the usual instinct. That is a specific population and a specific outcome, so take it as a hint about stance rather than proof about tone.

Romero-Martínez Á, Lila M, Gracia E, Moya-Albiol L. (2019). The British journal of clinical psychology · doi

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Why it works. You can only choose differently about something you are still willing to look at.

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10When something you thought in the moment actually worked, name it. A line you produced yourself is worth more than any phrase handed to you.
cbtPractising under provocation60 secondsQur'an 7:201

It might be as ordinary as noticing that this person does not know you, or that none of this will matter next week. Write it down while you still remember the exact wording, because the exact wording is what you will reach for next time. Borrowed coping lines tend to evaporate under pressure. Yours tend to stay.

Islamic evidence

Those who are aware of God think of Him when Satan prompts them to do something and immediately they can see [straight] (Quran 7:201). One remembered thought at the right moment is enough to clear the view.

those who are aware of God think of Him when Satan prompts them to do something and immediately they can see [straight]

Qur'an 7:201

Psychological evidence

In a laboratory experiment, how people mentally handled a recent anger provoking event, rather than simply whether they went back over it, determined how much anger stayed with them. What you do with the memory is the variable. It was a controlled study of a recalled event, so it points at the mechanism rather than measuring day to day life.

Ray RD, Wilhelm FH, Gross JJ. (2008). Journal of personality and social psychology · doi

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Why it works. A line you came up with yourself is already proven to work on you.

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11Going silent and hard is not a neutral act. A fixed stare and a set brow land on the other person's body as threat, even though you have not said a word.
cbtPractising under provocation60 secondsQur'an 25:63

People often think they are being restrained when they go cold, and are then surprised by how frightened or defensive the other person becomes. If you have gone quiet because you do not trust what you would say, it costs very little to say that much out loud. Otherwise, soften what your face is doing, or leave the room properly instead of staying in it as a presence.

Islamic evidence

The servants of the Lord of Mercy are those who walk humbly on the earth, and who, when the foolish address them, reply, 'Peace' (Quran 25:63). A plain peaceable word is offered as the answer, and a cold silence is not that.

The servants of the Lord of Mercy are those who walk humbly on the earth, and who, when the foolish address them, reply, ‘Peace’

Qur'an 25:63

Psychological evidence

In a randomised controlled trial, training carers of people with dementia in how to handle daily situations improved the carers' skills and reduced aggressive behaviour in the people they were caring for. It shows how much the manner of the person nearby shapes what comes back. Those were carers in a particular and demanding situation, so read it as a reminder rather than a rule for every household.

Huang HL, Kuo LM, Chen YS, Liang J, Huang HL, Chiu YC, Chen ST, Sun Y, Hsu WC, Shyu YI. (2013). The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · doi

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Why it works. Threat gets read off faces and gaze long before anyone reaches the words.

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12Working on anger is not meant to leave you with nothing to say. The aim is to keep the objection and let go of the force it was riding on.
cbtPractising under provocation5 minutesQur'an 16:126

Two things are worth pulling apart: whether something has genuinely gone wrong, and how hot your body has gone about it. A good share of the heat comes from a knock to your standing rather than a threat to your safety, and that is the part that can come down without costing you anything. If the plan is only to swallow it, the grievance sits where it was and tends to come back later, usually louder.

Islamic evidence

If you [believers] have to respond to an attack, make your response proportionate, but it is best to stand fast (Quran 16:126). Responding is not forbidden here. What is held down is the size of it.

If you [believers] have to respond to an attack, make your response proportionate, but it is best to stand fast

Qur'an 16:126

Psychological evidence

In a randomised trial of dialectical behaviour informed skills training for people with borderline personality disorder, the benefit ran through a shift from anger into assertion, and that shift statistically accounted for the improvement. That supports keeping assertion inside the goal rather than aiming only at being calmer. It was one trial in one clinical group, so read it as a direction rather than a settled result.

Kramer U, Pascual-Leone A, Berthoud L, de Roten Y, Marquet P, Kolly S, Despland JN, Page D. (2016). Clinical psychology & psychotherapy · doi

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Why it works. A complaint said calmly still gets said, so there is nothing left to store up.

When not to. If the anger is about harm that is still happening, the work is not on your delivery but on changing the situation, with help if needed.

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13You can be genuinely indignant and still say the thing evenly. The feeling does not have to travel in your voice.
cbtPractising under provocation5 minutesQur'an 41:34

Notice what actually changes when the heat comes out of it: the words stay, the point stays, the volume and the edge go. It helps to know beforehand what you want the other person to do differently, because that is the part that survives a calm delivery, where vague fury does not. And if you find there is nothing left to say once the heat is gone, that is worth sitting with quietly rather than taking as proof the anger was right.

Islamic evidence

Repel evil with what is better and your enemy will become as close as an old and valued friend (Quran 41:34). The better response is still a response, and it is the one with a future in it.

Good and evil cannot be equal. [Prophet], repel evil with what is better and your enemy will become as close as an old and valued friend

Qur'an 41:34

Psychological evidence

In a randomised trial of 65 adults with aggression problems in their close relationships, an internet delivered programme combining emotion regulation with conflict management practice reduced partner violence, and the mediation analysis supported the regulation part as one route by which it worked. So changing how something is delivered while still having the difficult conversation is a combination that has been tested. The sample was small and people volunteered for it, which limits how far it carries.

Hesser H, Axelsson S, Bäcke V, Engstrand J, Gustafsson T, Holmgren E, Jeppsson U, Pollack M, Nordén K, Rosenqvist D, Andersson G. (2017). Clinical psychology & psychotherapy · doi

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Why it works. People can hear a request, but they mostly defend themselves against a tone.

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14You can tell someone they have hurt you without your voice showing it. The message and the heat come apart, and it is usually the heat that stops the message being heard.
cbtChoosing your response5 minutesQur'an 17:53

Worth saying, because plenty of people believe the only options are swallowing it or letting it out. There is a third, which is saying the whole hard thing in an ordinary voice. It often lands harder rather than softer, because there is nothing in the delivery for the other person to argue with instead.

Islamic evidence

Tell My servants to say what is best. Satan sows discord among them (Quran 17:53). The better wording is treated as consequential, because the alternative on offer is discord.

[Prophet], tell My servants to say what is best. Satan sows discord among them: Satan is a sworn enemy of man

Qur'an 17:53

Psychological evidence

In a randomised trial of skills training informed by dialectical behaviour therapy for borderline personality disorder, the benefit was carried by a shift towards assertive anger rather than by anger being suppressed or exploded. That was a specific clinical group, so the numbers will not transfer. The mediation is the interesting part: what helped was how the anger was expressed, not whether it was felt.

Kramer U, Pascual-Leone A, Berthoud L, de Roten Y, Marquet P, Kolly S, Despland JN, Page D. (2016). Clinical psychology & psychotherapy · doi

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Why it works. When your tone is not attacking, the other person can spend their attention on what you actually said.

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15Under the anger there is usually something you wanted and did not get, or something you are afraid of losing. Say that, and you have handed the other person something they can actually do.
cbtChoosing your response5 minutesQur'an 5:8

"You never help" gives someone a charge to deny. "I needed you to take the kids for an hour and I was too proud to ask" gives them a job. The second is more exposing, which is why the accusation comes out first. Work out what you wanted before you open your mouth if you can, because it is hard to find mid sentence.

Islamic evidence

Do not let hatred of others lead you away from justice, but adhere to justice (Quran 5:8). Anger tempts you to overstate the case, and naming what you needed keeps the account fair.

You who believe, be steadfast in your devotion to God and bear witness impartially: do not let hatred of others lead you away from justice, but adhere to justice, for that is closer to awareness of God. Be mindful of God: God is well aware of all that you do

Qur'an 5:8

Psychological evidence

In a laboratory experiment, people who recalled an anger provoking event ended up in different states depending on how they thought about it: reappraising what had happened reduced anger, while going over it kept the anger going. It used a recalled memory in a controlled setting rather than a live argument. Still, putting the event into terms of a need is a form of reappraisal, and reappraisal is the side of that comparison that helped.

Ray RD, Wilhelm FH, Gross JJ. (2008). Journal of personality and social psychology · doi

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Why it works. A stated need asks for a solution, while a stated fault asks for a defence.

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