1Giving up certainty is a loss, and it is fair to treat it as one. People do grieve the version of themselves who knew exactly what was going on.
The same piece of work gets called several things: getting used to uncertainty in small doses, learning to sit with confusion, or grieving the loss of knowing. The last is the most honest, because letting go of certainty takes something away before it gives anything back. Expect a flat patch. It is not a sign that the thinking has gone wrong.
Islamic evidence
After sorrow, He caused calm to descend upon you (Quran 3:154). Calm arrives after the sorrow rather than instead of it, which is the order this tends to follow too.
“After sorrow, He caused calm to descend upon you, a sleep that overtook some of you. Another group, caring only for themselves, entertained false thoughts about God, thoughts more appropriate to pagan ignorance, and said, ‘Do we get a say in any of this?’…”
Qur'an 3:154
Psychological evidence
In a short longitudinal study of 395 early adolescents, proneness to guilt and proneness to shame predicted different behaviours as rated by their peers, so two closely related states behaved distinctly rather than interchangeably. Closely related feelings are not the same feeling, which is a decent reason to choose your word for what you are going through with some care. The study was in young adolescents and does not speak to grief over certainty directly.
Roos S, Hodges EV, Salmivalli C. (2014). Developmental psychology · doi
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Why it works. Naming it as a loss lets you mourn it, and something mourned stops needing to be defended.
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none yet2A lot of angry certainty is frightened certainty. Needing to know exactly what is going on, and exactly who is at fault, is more comfortable than admitting the situation cannot be fully read.
From the outside it looks like arrogance, and from the inside it feels like clarity. Underneath it is usually the same discomfort as any other anxiety: not knowing feels dangerous, so a firm answer gets manufactured. Treating it as fear rather than as ego changes how you go at it, in somebody else and in yourself.
Islamic evidence
Do not follow blindly what you do not know to be true (Quran 17:36). Holding back from claiming knowledge you do not have is what is asked, and it is the opposite of what anger wants.
“Do not follow blindly what you do not know to be true: ears, eyes, and heart, you will be questioned about all these”
Qur'an 17:36
Psychological evidence
In two longitudinal samples of crime victims, post-traumatic stress symptoms predicted later anger more strongly than anger predicted later symptoms, which suggests anger can sit downstream of threat that has not been worked through. Anger following fear rather than causing it is at least consistent with what is described here. In a separate cross-sectional sample of inpatient substance users, particular kinds of childhood abuse were linked to aggression and to difficulty handling emotion, though cross-sectional data cannot establish the order.
Orth U, Cahill SP, Foa EB, Maercker A. (2008). Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · doi
Banducci AN, Hoffman EM, Lejuez CW, Lejuez CW, Koenen KC, Koenen KC. (2014). Child abuse & neglect · doi
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Why it works. Certainty feels like control, and control is what fear is looking for.
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none yet3Not knowing is not a fault in you. It is the ordinary condition of being alive, and much of the distress comes from the belief that it ought to be otherwise.
There is the discomfort of not knowing, and then a second layer on top: the sense that you were supposed to know by now and something has gone wrong. The second layer is usually the heavier of the two and it is the one that can go first. You do not have to become comfortable with uncertainty in order to stop treating it as a personal failing.
Islamic evidence
Avoid making too many assumptions (Quran 49:12). The instruction is to hold your guesses loosely, which takes for granted that you were never going to have the full picture.
“Believers, avoid making too many assumptions- some assumptions are sinful- and do not spy on one another or speak ill of people behind their backs: would any of you like to eat the flesh of your dead brother? No, you would hate it. So be mindful of God: God…”
Qur'an 49:12
Psychological evidence
Across several experiments, people who had just been socially excluded reported stronger religious affiliation and more intention to take part in religious practice than people who had not been excluded. When the ground moves, people reach for something steadier, which is a very human response rather than a weakness. These were brief laboratory manipulations of exclusion, so they show a tendency rather than describing anybody's faith.
Aydin N, Fischer P, Frey D. (2010). Personality & social psychology bulletin · doi
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Why it works. Half the weight of not knowing is the belief that you ought to know.
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none yet4Anger and doubt cannot really occupy the same moment. Anger sharpens everything to a point, and a genuine maybe blunts it.
This is why an honest question does more than an argument. Not a challenge, which hardens things, but a real one: what if I have got part of this wrong. If you can hold that for a second and actually mean it, you will usually feel the heat drop a little, because the certainty propping it up has gone soft.
Islamic evidence
His arrogance leads him to sin (Quran 2:206). The verse traces a sequence anyone in a row will recognise: a person is corrected, the pride will not take it, and the pride carries them onward.
“When he is told, ‘Beware of God,’ his arrogance leads him to sin. Hell is enough for him: a dreadful resting place”
Qur'an 2:206
Psychological evidence
In a brain imaging experiment, people who were insulted and then prompted to dwell on it showed activity in a region of the cingulate cortex that tracked both their reported anger and how aggressive they generally were. That supports anger being an actively maintained state rather than a passing spark, and something maintained can be interrupted. Whether deliberately introducing doubt is what interrupts it has not been tested this way.
Denson TF, Pedersen WC, Ronquillo J, Nandy AS. (2009). Journal of cognitive neuroscience · doi
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Why it works. Anger needs to be sure, so anything that makes you genuinely unsure takes some of its fuel away.
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none yet5Righteous anger pays you something. It burns off doubt, hands back a sense of being in charge, and can feel very close to intoxicating.
Any plan that treats anger purely as a skills problem runs into this. You are asking somebody to give up a thing that works, and it is fairer to say that out loud than to pretend otherwise. What is worth naming is precisely what would be lost: the certainty, the standing, the surge. Then the real question is what else could supply any of it.
Islamic evidence
I do not pretend to be blameless (Quran 12:53). Naming the pull inside yourself, rather than claiming to be above it, is what the verse models.
“I do not pretend to be blameless, for man’s very soul incites him to evil unless my Lord shows mercy: He is most forgiving, most merciful.’”
Qur'an 12:53
Psychological evidence
In a placebo controlled study, a single dose of testosterone rapidly increased aggressive behaviour, but only in men who were already high in dominance or impulsivity. That is one demonstration of a real physiological pull behind aggression, varying a good deal between people, rather than it being purely a matter of choice. It does not show that anger is rewarding in the way described here, which stays a clinical observation.
Carré JM, Geniole SN, Ortiz TL, Bird BM, Videto A, Bonin PL. (2017). Biological psychiatry · doi
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Why it works. Something that rewards you will keep coming back until you know what the reward was.
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none yet6Your mind is always slightly behind what is happening. Reality moves and you are the response, which leaves you permanently a step late and permanently not quite sure.
Put that way, uncertainty is not a flaw in your thinking, it is the position you are standing in. You are flying into the next moment without having seen it yet. There is a strange comfort in that, and it takes some of the shame out of being wrong, which is one of the things anger is usually protecting you from.
Islamic evidence
God knows what they conceal and what they reveal (Quran 16:23). Complete knowledge is placed with God, which quietly concedes that yours is partial.
“There is no doubt that God knows what they conceal and what they reveal. He does not love the arrogant”
Qur'an 16:23
Psychological evidence
In a pharmacological challenge study, physiological levels of testosterone rapidly increased how strongly the brain reacted to threat cues in healthy men, and a small placebo controlled study of twelve participants found a similar rise in responsiveness to social threat. Both point at threat processing running fast and early, ahead of anything deliberate. Both were small and involved giving men a hormone, so they say nothing about anybody's ordinary Tuesday.
Goetz SM, Tang L, Thomason ME, Diamond MP, Hariri AR, Carré JM. (2014). Biological psychiatry · doi
Hermans EJ, Ramsey NF, van Honk J. (2008). Biological psychiatry · doi
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Why it works. You cannot be certain about something you are still catching up with.
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none yet7Understand more so that you may fear less. That line is the whole point of learning how your anger works: not cleverness, just less fear.
People with a temper are rarely persuaded by being told to calm down, and are often genuinely interested in how the machinery works. Knowing what happens in your body, what the anger is guarding and what it costs makes the whole thing less mysterious. Less mysterious means less frightening, and less frightening means there is less to defend.
Islamic evidence
He teaches you, so that you may take heed (Quran 16:90). Teaching is given a purpose there, which is that something changes afterwards.
“God commands justice, doing good, and generosity towards relatives and He forbids what is shameful, blameworthy, and oppressive. He teaches you, so that you may take heed”
Qur'an 16:90
Psychological evidence
A longitudinal study following 380 children from age ten into young adulthood found that proneness to shame predicted later risky and illegal behaviour, while proneness to guilt was protective. Two feelings that look alike from outside led somewhere quite different, which is a decent argument that understanding what is actually driving you is not an idle exercise. It is one cohort followed over time, so it shows a pattern rather than fixing anybody's course.
Stuewig J, Tangney JP, Kendall S, Folk JB, Meyer CR, Dearing RL. (2015). Child psychiatry and human development · doi
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Why it works. What you understand you can be less afraid of, and what you fear less you defend less fiercely.
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none yet8Not understanding what is happening frightens a person before it angers them. If you flare up when a situation is unclear, you are meeting something very old in yourself rather than a fault you invented.
Watch the order of it next time. First the blank, the not knowing what this means or where it is going, then a tightening in the chest or jaw, then the sharp words. Naming the fear underneath does not make the situation any clearer, but it stops you treating your own heat as proof that someone has wronged you.
Islamic evidence
Do not follow blindly what you do not know to be true: ears, eyes, and heart, you will be questioned about all these (Quran 17:36). Fear fills a gap with a guess, and this is a gentle instruction not to act on the guess as though you already knew.
“Do not follow blindly what you do not know to be true: ears, eyes, and heart, you will be questioned about all these”
Qur'an 17:36
Psychological evidence
A review of anger from a cognitive neuroscience angle describes reactive aggression as coming out of a basic threat system in the brain, involving the amygdala, hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray, rather than being a strategy a person selects. It is a review of existing work, not a single decisive study, so take it as a way of organising the picture rather than a measurement of you. What it does support is the ordinary experience that the reaction lands before the thinking does.
Blair RJR. (2012). Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive science · doi
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Why it works. Fear is a faster and older reaction than working things out, so anger in an unclear moment is often that fear arriving first.
When not to. If the not knowing brings a fear that will not settle at all, or old danger comes back with it, that is worth taking to someone trained rather than sitting with alone.
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none yet9The aim is not to work out the answer. It is to keep moving while the answer is missing, and to find that the fear does not have to run the day.
When something is unsettled, your mind hands you one job after another: replay it, check it, decide what they really meant. You can put those down and still get through the afternoon. Set the bar there for now, at carrying on without the matter being closed, and notice afterwards that the not knowing did you no harm.
Islamic evidence
Everything to do with this affair is in God's hands (Quran 3:154). You are allowed to stop needing the full picture, because holding all of it was never your work.
“After sorrow, He caused calm to descend upon you, a sleep that overtook some of you. Another group, caring only for themselves, entertained false thoughts about God, thoughts more appropriate to pagan ignorance, and said, ‘Do we get a say in any of this?’…”
Qur'an 3:154
Psychological evidence
Across four experiments, being provoked led to more aggressive behaviour, and part of how it did so was by feeding angry rumination and draining self-control. These were laboratory provocations with volunteers, so the effects are modest and the setting is artificial. Still, the useful part holds: going back over it is not a neutral act, it is one of the things keeping the anger within reach, so declining to solve it is doing something rather than giving up.
Denson TF, Pedersen WC, Friese M, Hahm A, Roberts L. (2011). Personality & social psychology bulletin · doi
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Why it works. Chasing certainty keeps the whole scene switched on in your head, and leaving it open lets your body come down on its own.
When not to. If what is unresolved concerns your safety or someone else's, that one needs answering rather than tolerating.