Where the scholars really do differ

Here is a live difference with a practical consequence, and this course will not settle it for you.

A pregnant or breastfeeding woman who does not fast. There are three recorded positions, and it is worth seeing all of them rather than the one you happen to have been handed.

One. She makes up the missed fasts and owes nothing further. That is attributed to Abu Hanifa and to Ali ibn Abi Talib, and it is also the position islamqa itself adopts, in fatwa 49794, following Ibn Baz and Ibn Uthaymeen, on the reasoning that she is like the sick person and the traveller, for whom the Qur'an says the same number of other days.

Two. She makes up the fasts, and whether she also feeds depends on her reason. If she feared for herself, she makes up only. If she feared for her child, she makes up and also feeds a poor person for each day. That is attributed to al-Shafi'i, to Ahmad, and to Ibn Umar.

Three. She feeds a poor person for each day and does not make up the fasts at all. That is attributed to Ibn Abbas, and Ibn Qudamah attributes it to Ibn Umar as well. Ibn Baz and Ibn Uthaymeen considered it weak.

So the difference is real, it has a cost in money or in days, and the answer depends on your own school and your own circumstances. Ask a scholar you trust, once, and take their answer. Do not take this paragraph as the answer.

There is a separate question underneath that one, and on it the sources are more settled than people expect. Where fasting is genuinely feared to harm the mother or the child, islamqa in fatwa 66391 holds that it is not allowed and is disliked, citing al-Jassas, al-Qurtubi, Ibn Qudamah, Ibn Muflih and Ibn Baz, and reports no difference of opinion on it. Not fasting in that case is compliance rather than shortfall.

The same care applies to the purity questions nobody wants to ask about. Milk on your clothes, an infant's urine, praying in a state you can actually achieve at four in the morning. Those are ruled on differently in different schools and this platform is not going to assert one.